IGEE Proceedings

Articles in E-pub version are posted online ahead of regular printed publication.

Editorial

Scholarship at “Machine” Speed: Sarah Soyeon Oh; Received February 12, 2026 Accepted February 13, 2026 Published online February 24, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.009 [Epub ahead of print]

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Articles

A Conceptual Study on ‘After-Critical’ Global Citizenship: A New Perspective of Interconnected Society Based on Critical Realism: Eunbin Lee; Received January 15, 2026 Accepted February 13, 2026 Published online February 24, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.008 [Epub ahead of print]

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This paper explores the critical realist approach to global citizenship education (GCED) by reviewing con-temporary discussions of GCED, primarily addressing the most relevant concepts of global citizenship from post-colonial/critical perspectives. In particular, this paper aims to discuss the distinctiveness of critical re-alist GCED in comparison with the preceding approach. While critical GCED has advanced important im-plications towards theory and practice in the field, and it is one of the most intensively accepted among the most recent scholarly discussions, it still encounters challenges such as a binary standpoint, a lack of deeper ontological consideration, and a failure to involve generative mechanisms to judge and achieve social justice. This necessitates a new or an alternative conceptualization of GCED. In response to the arguments, this paper suggests ‘after-critical’ global citizenship education that offers theoretical and methodological im-plications in developing a balanced analysis of the complex globalization and education. Calling for trans-formative praxis and reflexivity, it promotes relational engagement with concerns that situate oneself within and beyond a mode of being as global citizen. It envisages reconfiguring and responding the possibility of self and collective ontology, grounded in a deeper recognition of our essential totality in the social world in globalized community.; Summary

Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Inequality: How Air Pollution Challenges the Achievement of SDG 3: Hyeonjung Yun; Received January 15, 2026 Accepted February 11, 2026 Published online February 24, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.007 [Epub ahead of print]

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Background
Cancer has traditionally been understood as a disease driven primarily by genetic mutations; however, growing evidence indicates that environmental exposures play a significant role in shaping cancer risk and outcomes. Among these exposures, air pollution has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Beyond its biological effects, air pollution is unevenly distributed across populations, raising concerns related to health inequality and long-term public health sustainability.
Methods
This narrative review synthesizes epidemiological and molecular studies examining the association between particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and carcinogenesis. Key biological mechanisms discussed include oxidative stress, DNA damage, chronic inflammation, and epigenetic dysregulation.
Results
The reviewed literature shows consistent associations between long-term PM2.5 exposure and increased lung cancer incidence and mortality, with more limited evidence for other cancer types. Unequal exposure to air pollution, combined with disparities in healthcare access, contributes to differences in cancer risk and survival across socioeconomic groups.
Conclusion
By integrating biological evidence with environmental and equity perspectives, this paper highlights the importance of addressing air pollution as part of comprehensive cancer prevention strategies. Reducing environmental cancer risk factors is essential for promoting equitable and sustainable population health.; Summary

Perspective

Navigating the Future of Higher Education: Embracing Change While Preserving the Relational Core of Learning: Shinki An; Received February 3, 2026 Accepted February 10, 2026 Published online February 23, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.006 [Epub ahead of print]

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Driven by rapid technological innovations, global crises, and growing uncertainty about the role of universities in the 21st century, higher education is at a critical inflection point. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding how these circumstances may be navigated, with a focus on the changing knowledge ecosystem, marked by exponential knowledge growth stemming from the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI). While these changes offer important opportunities for enhanced learning, they also raise significant ethical and educational concerns that must be addressed. Throughout these shifts, one element that remains unchanged is how humans learn in the context of relationships. Drawing on evidence from medical research and educational theory, this paper argues that social connection and communities of practice are fundamental for institutions that seek to use technology to support, rather than replace, the human connections that shape students into competent and ethical professionals.; Summary

Article

Beyond Shelter: A Comparative Study on the Right to Independent Living and De-institutionalization through the Lens of Fair Housing and the SDGs†: Hyunseung Lee; Received January 15, 2026 Accepted February 9, 2026 Published online February 23, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.005 [Epub ahead of print]

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This study investigates how the right to housing choice facilitates de-institutionalization and social justice for persons with disabilities through the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Within international human rights discourse, housing is defined not merely as physical shelter but as a fundamental right encompassing dignity, safety, and the ability to live in peace. The analysis identifies a critical paradigm shift from the medical model of disability toward a social model that emphasizes the removal of societal barriers. Using a comparative methodology, the research evaluates international norms and case studies from the United States and the European Union against South Korea’s domestic policies. It specifically analyzes the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) to identify normative and fairness gaps within the current administrative framework. Analysis reveals a significant fair housing gap in South Korea, where a discretionary welfare model persists instead of a mandatory rights-based Housing First approach. Domestic structures often rely on a linear care model, whereas international precedents favor immediate community integration. Furthermore, spatial stratification and socio-spatial inequalities exacerbate the exclusion of disadvantaged groups from essential economic and service facilities. These barriers are complicated by the NIMBY phenomenon, where social connections among neighbors can paradoxically increase resistance to inclusive neighborhood planning. The paper advocates for a mandatory integration mandate and individualized funding to ensure substantive autonomy and community inclusion. It proposes developing multi-centric urban structures to decentralize services and improve accessibility across regions.; Summary

Perspective

Collaborative Strategies for Raising Human Capital†: Reinard Primulando, Thomas Kristiatmo, Tri Basuki Joewono; Received January 16, 2026 Accepted February 4, 2026 Published online February 23, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.003 [Epub ahead of print]

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Christian higher education is rooted in fundamental and axiomatic human values that are open to transcendence and orient toward the fullness of humanity. Christian universities are increasingly challenged to remain faithful to their true identity while responding creatively to new social, cultural, and global realities. Drawing on the experiences of the Universitas Katolik Parahyangan (UNPAR), whose Spirituality and Basic Values emphasize charity in truth, living in diversity, and integral humanity, this paper discusses how collaboration across institutions, disciplines, cultures, and regions, becomes a process of mutual transformation rather than mere resource sharing. Particular attention is given to interdisciplinary initiatives, with the Erasmus+ EcoGreen Project presented as a case study that demonstrates how Christian universities can lead interdisciplinary and global collaboration while remaining firmly rooted in faith-based values.The study suggests that Christian higher education institutions should prioritize wider, value-based collaboration across institutions, nations, and disciplines.; Summary

Articles

Non-Prescription Antibiotic Use and Unsafe Household Medicine Disposal in Indonesia: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship: Danik Iga Prasiska, Suk-Yong Jang; Received January 14, 2026 Accepted February 4, 2026 Published online February 23, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.002 [Epub ahead of print]

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Non-prescription access to antibiotics remains widespread in low and middle-income countries and is a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance. Unsafe household storage and disposal of medicines further reinforce inappropriate antibiotic use and environmental contamination. Yet, national evidence integrating antibiotic knowledge, medicine safety awareness, and household practices remains limited. This study examined associa-tions between antibiotic-related knowledge, awareness of damaged medicines, and non-prescription antibiotic purchase among adults in Indonesia using nationally representative survey data. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, including 430,204 adults with complete outcome data. The primary outcome was self-reported purchase of antibiotics without a prescription. Survey-weighted modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted relative risks accounting for individual and household characteristics. Overall, 19.7% of adults reported purchasing antibiotics without a prescription. Higher risk was observed among adults aged 26 to 44 years, females, rural residents, individuals with chronic conditions or physical disabilities, and those from poorer households. Each 10-pp increase in antibi-otic-specific knowledge was associated with a lower risk of non-prescription antibiotic purchase (adjusted RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.97 - 0.98). In contrast, awareness related to damaged or expired medicines was associated with a higher risk (adjusted RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.04). Household medicine disposal practices were dominated by discarding medicines in household trash, while formal return to pharmacies or health facilities was rare. These findings indicate that antimicrobial stewardship requires integrated strategies addressing both rational an-tibiotic use and safe household medicine management to support progress toward Sustainable Development Goals related to health and responsible consumption.; Summary

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Socioeconomic Determinants of Social Isolation Among Ghanaian Older Adults (2019–2024): Patrick Atanga Azoya, Sarah Soyeon Oh; Received January 19, 2026 Accepted February 6, 2026 Published online February 23, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2026.001 [Epub ahead of print]

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Background
Older adults in Ghana who experience socioeconomic disadvantage characterized by limited in-come, low educational attainment, inadequate housing, insecure or absent employment face obstacles to main-taining social connections, increasing their vulnerability to isolation and adverse health outcomes. Prolonged loneliness has been likened to the health impact of smoking 15 cigarettes per day (Shafiq et al., 2020). This review and meta-analysis examined cross-sectional studies showing differing relationships between social isola-tion/loneliness and low socioeconomic status (SES) among Ghanaian older adults. The objective was to synthesize quantitative evidence on associations between socioeconomic factors and social isolation or loneliness among older adult populations in Ghana. Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and African Journals Online (AJOL) for peer-reviewed English-language studies published from 1 January 2019 to December 2024. Eligible studies were quantitative, included Ghanaian older adults, reported associations between social isolation or loneliness and at least one socioeconomic factor, and provided extractable effect measures (OR/PR or raw counts). Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts. Data extracted covered study characteristics, exposures, outcomes, and adjusted effect estimates. We pooled odds ratios using random-effects meta-analysis (DerSi-monian–Laird) in R (meta/metafor); heterogeneity was quantified with I². Risk-of-bias visualizations were produced with robvis.
Results
Ten cross-sectional Ghanaian studies met inclusion criteria. All indicated that lower SES was associated with elevated odds of social isolation or loneliness (individual ORs 1.60–2.30). The pooled OR was 1.90 (95% CI: 1.69–2.14), indicating approximately a 90% higher likelihood of social isolation or loneliness among soci-oeconomically disadvantaged older adults. The findings suggest that aside cultural enablers, rural-urban migration effects are more severe in low-SES groups, potentially explaining the heightened ORs com-pared to global estimates.
Conclusion
Socioeconomic disadvantage is a substantial correlate of social isolation and loneliness among Ghanaian older adults. Interventions and policies addressing poverty, food insecurity, and broader socio-cultural determinants are needed to support social connectedness and healthy aging.; Summary

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