IGEE Proceedings

Advancing Nursing Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Lessons from Bangladesh for Sustainable Global Health: Taewha Lee, SangA Lee; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(3):155-164. Published online October 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.024

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Global disparities in the nursing workforce threaten progress toward sustainable and equitable health systems. This paper presents three initiatives from Bangladesh—including the establishment of the National Institute of Advanced Nursing Education and Research, Chittagong Youngone Nursing College, and Shields Nursing Education Program—to illustrate how coordinated public, private, and international partnerships can strengthen nursing education in low- and middle-income countries. These efforts expanded educational capacity, advanced competency-based curricula, and enhanced faculty development, research, and leadership. Lessons from Bangladesh underscore the importance of embedding nursing within national health strategies, investing in faculty development, strengthening governance systems, integrating digital innovation, fostering responsible partnerships, and elevating the professional recognition of nurses. The Bangladesh case demonstrates that investing in nursing education is a strategic pathway to resilient, self-sustaining health systems and sustainable global health.; Summary

Health inequalities in children: A comprehensive review: Soojin Ahn, Hae Young Kim, Jae Il Shin, Lee Smith; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(3):165-177. Published online October 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.007

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Health inequalities, defined as systematic, avoidable, and unfair differences in health outcomes between populations, pose a major challenge to public health. This review examined how socioeconomic status, geographical location, and educational attainment affect children’s physical and mental health. It also highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these inequalities. Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience less access to healthcare and a higher rate of chronic diseases compared to those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. Differences in geographical location also increase these gaps, particularly in rural or underdeveloped areas where resources are limited. Limitations in Educational attainment also have a further impact on health by limiting opportunities for health literacy and access to services. The present review explores interventions implemented by governments, hospitals, and schools to address these disparities. While nutritional programs and hospital-based initiatives have achieved some positive progress, challenges remain due to inconsistencies in implementation and funding allocation. In particular, differences in oral health and access to cancer care highlight gaps in existing measures. To overcome these disparities, a coordinated strategy that tackles the socioeconomic determinants of health is required. Politicians, healthcare providers, and educators must work together to guarantee fair allocation of resources and services. Thus, sustained commitment to these activities is required to ensure a healthier and more equitable future for all children.; Summary

Student Involvement in SDG Projects: Seven Years of Yonsei University’s Social Engagement Fund (2018–2025): Sarah Soyeon Oh, In Han Song, Shinki An; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(3):178-183. Published online October 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.023

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Background
The Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment (IGEE) at Yonsei University established the Social Engagement Fund (SEF) in 2018 to align with institutional commitments to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examines how IGEE's student-led projects as part of Yonsei University's SEF program have expanded SDG coverage over the past seven years and identifies factors contributing to improved integration across multiple goals.
Methods
We analyzed all 49 SEF projects implemented between 2018 and 2025, coding each project for SDG alignment and tracking coverage patterns over time. Annual SDG engagement was measured using two indicators: (1) the total number of SDGs addressed per year and (2) the average number of SDGs addressed per project.
Results
The number of SEF projects increased steadily from 5 in 2018 to 12 in 2025, reflecting growing student participation and institutional support. Over the same period, annual SDG coverage expanded from 9 total SDG mentions in 2018 to 59 in 2025, demonstrating a marked diversification of focus areas. The average number of SDGs addressed per project rose from 1.8 in the early years (2018–2021) to 4.9 in 2025, peaking at 8.3 in 2022. Early projects primarily centered on institutional and educational goals such as SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), while later years showed stronger engagement with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Some goals—including SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water)—remained relatively underrepresented.
Conclusions
Student engagement initiatives like SEF can significantly broaden and deepen SDG coverage through structured mentorship, interdisciplinary collaboration, and targeted project funding. By enabling applied, student-driven practice, IGEE’s SEF model demonstrates how universities can translate institutional SDG commitments into measurable and expanding impact across a wide range of sustainability goals.; Summary

Leadership in Science: Reflections by Dr. John Ioannidis: John P.A. Ioannidis; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(3):149-151. Published online October 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.022

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Humanitarian Aid in Action: A Global Commitment to Health: Byron Scott; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(3):152-154. Published online October 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.021

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Bridging the Accessibility Gap: Investigating Challenges and Best Practices for Visually Impaired Individuals in STEM and Finance in North America – Policy Implications for South Korea†: Juwon Cheong, Yusung Chae, Jaeyoon Lee; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):133-147. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.020

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Background
Global accessibility mandates exist, yet blind and low-vision learners and professionals still face major barriers in STEM and finance; this study explores those gaps to guide South Korean policy.
Methods
Conducted a scoping review of accessibility laws and landmark cases and thematically analysed seven semi-structured interviews with blind South Koreans active in STEM or finance.
Results
The data show chronic shortages of accessible materials and software, limited institutional support, technological lag, and heavy psychosocial strain, whereas North American exemplars demonstrate effective solutions.
Conclusion
South Korea can close the STEM-finance accessibility gap only through systemic reforms—universal design, enforceable digital standards, and professional support structures—rather than relying on individual resilience.; Summary

Introducing the 2024 ‘Social Engagement Fund’ Cohort: Eun Kyoung Rhee, Sarah Soyeon Oh; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):64-67. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.019

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Student Involvement in SDG Projects: Seven Years of Yonsei University’s Social Engagement Fund (2018–2025)
Sarah Soyeon Oh, In Han Song, Shinki An
IGEE Proceedings.2025; 2(3): 178. CrossRef

Analysis of the Correlation Between Health Status and Social Factors Among Korean Care Workers†: YeJin Yun, Yuna Kim, Miyeon Yoon, Sejin Park; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):114-132. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.018

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Amid South Korea’s demographic crisis of a declining birth rate and a rapidly aging population, care work has become an essential yet undervalued sector. This study investigates the physical and mental health conditions of domestic care workers and explores how social and structural factors shape their labor experiences.Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates survey data from care workers (n=345) with in-depth interviews of nine individuals working in various care roles, including certified caregivers, disability support workers, childcare teachers, and domestic workers. Quantitative findings reveal strong correlations between job satisfaction and health outcomes. Higher job satisfaction was associated with lower scores on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), indicating better physical and mental health. Significant disparities were found between care worker subcategories. Qualitative analysis further uncovered recurring themes such as emotional burden, social invisibility, dissatisfaction with compensation, and the absence of grievance mechanisms. Despite these challenges, many workers found meaning in their roles and relied on informal coping strategies such as peer support. This study underscores the urgency of addressing systemic issues in the care sector. The results call for policies that improve working conditions, recognize the social value of care work, and promote health equity. The findings contribute to advancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3(Good Health), 5 (Gender Equality), and 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).; Summary

Bridging the Cognitive Digital Divide: A Prototype-Based Interven-tion for Elderly Learners in South Korea†: Yeeun Kim, Haeyoon Shin, Soo Yeon Kim; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):103-113. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.017

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The acceleration of digital transformation across public and private sectors has exacerbated disparities in digital literacy, particularly among older adults who face cognitive, sensory, and technological barriers to effective engagement. In South Korea—despite widespread smartphone ownership among the elderly—digital proficiency remains disproportionately low, underscoring the inadequacy of current accessibility-focused interventions and the pressing need for cognitively and perceptually attuned digital education frameworks. This study examines the effectiveness of Ee Eum, a prototype digital literacy intervention specifically designed for adults aged 65 and older, integrating user-centered interface design principles with tiered educational scaffolding. A sequential mixed-methods design was employed. Initial qualitative inquiry through focus group and individual interviews (n = 30) identified key usability obstacles and content needs. This was followed by a series of controlled usability experiments (n = 31), including A/B testing of visual variables (e.g., contrast ratio, font size) and First Click Tests to evaluate interface navigability and perceptual clarity. Results demonstrated that high-contrast color combinations (e.g., yellow text on blue backgrounds) and enlarged text sizes (25–28pt) significantly improved legibility and reduced cognitive load. The inclusion of visual affordances in user interface elements led to substantial gains in navigational accuracy, with First Click Test performance increasing from 39.79% to 86.02% when target areas were visually emphasized. These findings provide empirical support for the role of perceptually optimized interface design in enhancing digital accessibility for older adults. The Ee Eum prototype offers a replicable framework for inclusive UI/UX development and contributes to ongoing discourse in gerontechnology, digital equity, and human-centered aging policy.; Summary

Education for Sustainable Development and Career for High School Students in Seogwipo†: Younghyun Lee, Yumin Hahn, Gayoon Yang; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):83-93. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.015

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This study examines the effectiveness of an Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) program conducted at Pyoseon High School in Jeju, Korea. Integrating career education, the program aimed at enhancing students’ awareness of sustainable development and key competencies. Conducted with 124 first-year students during school hours, the program consisted of three phases: an introduction to sustainable development, student-led projects addressing local issues, and final presentations. A mixed-methods approach was employed to measure the effectiveness, combining pre- and post-program surveys with focus group interviews. Paired t-test analysis on survey responses showed statistically significant improvements in overall competency domains. Qualitative analysis of focus group interviews indicated a shift from passive, school-based perceptions of sustainability toward more active and individualized understandings, particularly in connecting sustainable development to diverse career pathways. In conclusion, this program demonstrates the effectiveness of bridging ESD with career education, showing that student-led learning can enhance core competencies for sustainable development. It offers a promising direction for the future advancement of ESD in Korea.; Summary

Establishment Plan for Sustainable Villages through Resolving Mongolian Ger District Issues†: Eun-hye Song, Khuslen Bazarragchaa, Geon-young Kim, Sung-kwon Lee; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):68-82. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.014

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In recent years, Mongolia has witnessed a steady influx of migrants into the ger districts on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar. While some have been displaced by climate change-induced zud and desertification, which have devastated traditional livestock-based livelihoods, a larger share of the migration stems from structural inequalities—namely, the concentration of employment opportunities, education, and essential infrastructure in the capital. This surge in population has intensified urban overcrowding and deepened various environmental and social challenges. The ger districts stand out as areas facing particularly acute challenges such as high unemployment, poverty, air pollution, soil contamination, energy poverty, and a critical lack of educational and healthcare services. This study moves beyond the conventional climate refugee framework by analyzing these broader drivers of migration through structured surveys and in-depth interviews with both ger district residents and the general urban population. Based on the findings, a sustainable village model is proposed for the Salkhit area, integrating agriculture, settled livestock farming, agricultural cooperatives, solar power generation, and tourism infrastructure. These systems are designed to operate autonomously and scale to other regions of Mongolia. By offering both policy and practical guidelines, this model aims to relieve metropolitan congestion and promote balanced regional development. However, due to limitations such as insufficient climatic, geographic, and agricultural baseline data and constraints in technical infrastructure, continuous feedback through test-bed operations and phased revisions are essential to ensure long-term viability and effectiveness.

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Student Involvement in SDG Projects: Seven Years of Yonsei University’s Social Engagement Fund (2018–2025)
Sarah Soyeon Oh, In Han Song, Shinki An
IGEE Proceedings.2025; 2(3): 178. CrossRef

Women and Children: The First Victims in Times of Crisis: Denis Mukwege; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):55-57. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.013

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Sustainability Challenges in Korea: Chang Yong Rhee; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):58-63. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.012

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Realistic Positioning of Social Businesses to Stem Climate Incentive Distortions within the Existing Market Economy: Muhammad Yunus; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):53-54. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.011

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Empowering Single Parent Households: A Web Platform to Address Systematic Gaps in Welfare and Care Support†: Mingyu Park, Juhyeong Song, Jiwon Park; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(2):94-102. Published online June 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.016

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Single parent households in South Korea face significant barriers in accessing welfare support due to fragmented information systems, persistent social stigma, and limited policy utilization. Despite the existence of various support programs, gaps in practical accessibility and reliability remain. This study aimed to develop a web-based platform that improves access to parenting, welfare, and emotional support information for single parent households, thereby promoting self-reliance and social inclusion. A full-stack web platform was developed using React.js, Next.js, Node.js, MongoDB, AWS S3, and the OpenAI GPT-4 API. The platform includes key functions such as an AI-powered chatbot, parenting diaries, health management tools, and structured access to verified welfare information. Domain-specific prompt engi-neering was applied to improve chatbot accuracy and empathy. The study did not involve human participants but relied on literature-based needs analysis and system design methodologies. The developed platform successfully integrated reliable information delivery, real-time AI-based guidance, and tools for tracking child health and caregiving. It addressed challenges such as low information reliability, limited support networks, and emotional isolation. Preliminary implementation confirmed the platform’s usability and relevance, although features like automated policy updates and geolocation services remain in development. The platform demonstrates the potential of digital solutions to mitigate systemic gaps in welfare information and caregiving support for single parent households. By aligning with key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the platform not only alleviates parenting burdens in the short term but also contributes to long-term goals of gender equity, health access, and social inclusion. Further iterations will focus on improving mobile accessi-bility, scaling user engagement, and enhancing AI accuracy.; Summary

Evaluating How the Concentration of Chitosan Affects the Properties of Bioplastic in Terms of its Biodegradation Rate: Czarina Royce H. Rebanal; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):43-52. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.010

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We encounter plastic materials daily. Many companies opt to use plastic in manufacturing their products to keep production costs low, hence making it affordable for consumers. Though this makes it easier for consumers to buy daily necessities, plastic industries release 1.34 billion tons of greenhouse gas annually. Additionally, plastic persists in the environment because of its extremely low rate of biodegradation. The plastic build up has led to dangerous levels of plastic pollution which has affected wildlife, climate, and human health. A prominent solution to this problem is the ongoing research on bioplastics, plastics made from renewable sources (like microbes and plants) instead of petroleum. The current issue with these bioplastics though, is that they are not as durable as normal plastic since these renewable materials easily degrade. The rigorous search for a material that combats synthetic plastic’s durability has led to the research on chitosan, a biodegradable sugar found in the exoskeleton of shellfish. Due to its antimicrobial properties, it has a lower degradation rate compared to other bioplastics. This makes the durability of chitosan-based bioplastics comparable to synthetic plastics. Through this research, the durability of chitosan-based bioplastics will be tested through a soil burial test and tensile strength test. This research discusses how varying the concentration of chitosan in chitosan-based bioplastics mimics natural biodegradation mechanisms whilst combating the durability of synthetic plastics.; Summary

The Current Status and Future of Yonsei University's Transition to a Carbon-Neutral Campus: Focused on Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas(GHG) Emission Characteristics: Haeyeong Choi; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):31-42. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.009

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This study presents the current status of Yonsei University’s efforts toward carbon neutrality, with a focus on energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission characteristics. Based on these findings, the study proposes directions and solutions for transitioning to a carbon-neutral campus from three perspectives: energy-saving strategies, changes in governence , educational and academic accessibility. Among them, the first one is the main focus of this study. On November 27, 2024, Yonsei University participated in the 'Joint Declaration Ceremony of Four Universities for the Sustainable Campus Initiative', held in Global Green Growth Institute(GGGI). In declaration, Yonsei University committed to the fulfillment of its environmental and social responsibilities and laying a foundation for addressing global challenges with Seoul National University, Korea University, and Postech. Analyzation was conducted from various perspectives: energy consumption, GHG emission, the correlations between the two, energy usage patterns by building types, and change in the pattern of energy usage over a year and a month. The following briefly presents three scenarios from different perspectives. Firstly, Buildings - especially STEM and research centers - and energy fixing facilities should be strictly managed to reduce energy. Plus, assessing energy consumption during non-peak hours, such as late at night and on weekends, is also needed to determine if it aligns with actual activities. Installing more energy-efficient heating/cooling systems. Secondly, enhancing governance structure dealing with this issue is suggested as the solutions. It can be efficiently conduced by leveraging its existing systems in a way to collaborate and discuss together. And they should annually publish carbon-neutral scenarios, ESG reports, and current status of renewable energy. They also should improve the transparancy and accuracy of publicly available energy-related information. Third, the study suggests increasing financial support for students and researchers in environmental-related departments. In addition, fostering interest among the broader Yonsei community and establishing a symbolic Carbon Neutrality Center are also proposed.; Summary

Technological Determinism in Smart Cities: AI’s Role in Urban Transformation and Workforce Disruption in Singapore: Jee Won Kim; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):20-30. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.008

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Through the perspective of technological determinism, this study investigates the dual effects of artificial intelligence (AI) in Singapore's Smart Nation plan. Artificial intelligence has been incorporated into waste management, energy systems, and transportation to enhance resource efficiency and reduce carbon emissions, targeting positive impacts on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. However, the development of AI has raised concerns about SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, as workforce disruptions disproportionately affect low-skilled employment. This essay critically assesses these trade-offs, highlighting the ethical and human factors that are frequently disregarded throughout technological advancements. It draws attention to the pressing need for legal frameworks that strike a balance between workforce inclusion, technological innovation, and ethical AI deployment by comparing data from before and after AI implementation. Additionally, it highlights how external factors–such as the infrastructure, regulatory policies, and public engagement–may alter the effectiveness and society impact of AI in smart cities. Through the suggested policies, this paper aims to guide nations around the world toward a sustainable, smart city while critically examining the setbacks and benefits of AI.; Summary

Yonsei University’s Commitment to Sustainable Development: Advancing Global Sustainability Through Education, Research, and Service: Dong-Sup Yoon; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):1-5. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.006

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An Introduction to IGEE Proceedings’ 2025 Student Research Award Competition: Younah Kang; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):17-19. Published online February 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.005

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The Importance of Trust and Empowerment in Advancing Human Knowledge: Insights from the 2024 Nobel Week: In Han Song; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):14-16. Published online February 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.004

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Global Peacebuilding: Miriam Coronel Ferrer; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):12-13. Published online February 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.002

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Care Economy in Korea: Beyond COVID-19 and Towards a Sustainable Caring Society: Nancy Folbre; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):9-11. Published online January 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.001

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A Visionary Leader's Reflections: Reimagining the SDGs Through a Majority World Lens: Puleng LenkaBula; IGEE Proc. 2025;2(1):6-8. Published online January 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2025.003

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No Planet B: Embracing Data and Collaboration to Advance Sustainable Development: Ki-moon Ban; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):1-3. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.012

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Empirical Study on the Usage and Promotion of Sustainable Feminine Hygiene Products^†: Chaeni Park, Eunsol So; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):78-89. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.011

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Compared with disposable equivalents, sustainable feminine hygiene products are promising for reducing pollution and could lead to the amelioration of the menstrual cycle, with overall health benefits for women. Through empirical research and online promotion, this study aimed to examine the efficiency and comfort of reusable menstrual products and address the SDGs that target climate change and a healthy lifestyle for global citizens. The data were collected by distributing products to 26 women aged 18--28 years and collecting responses through curated questionnaires before, during and after usage for 2 months. Our main findings showed that women reported a better sensory experience with reusable products with improved comfort and positive changes in their perception, which led them to continue using the pads in the future. Thus, we can conclude that sustainable feminine hygiene products may garner positive reviews from their users; with adequate promotion and support, we can work toward the goal of prospective benefits both for women and the environment.; Summary

Effective solution-building to prevent dropouts in Korea: The case of Q&A diary development^†: Sumin Kim; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):65-77. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.010

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The number of out-of-school youth in South Korea has been increasing recently, leading to a corresponding rise in school dropouts. Moreover, the importance of schools is also diminishing. However, schools are a national system designed to protect adolescents, and the collapse of this system is far from desirable. Despite this crisis, support policies for out-of-school youth remain overly simplistic. Current policies in South Korea regarding out-of-school youth are based on a fragmented understanding of these adolescents, focusing primarily on preventing dropouts. These policies fail to consider the various sociocultural backgrounds and contexts influencing adolescents’ decision to leave school. For example, “dropping out” and “academic discontinuation” are more problematic issues. The ultimate goal of this study is not only to prevent dropouts but also to assist adolescents in making the best decisions on the basis of a deep understanding of their identities. As a first step, a diary was designed to enhance self-understanding by fostering narrative identity formation. A user test was conducted to create a Q&A diary that can assist out-of-school youth, and a literature review was performed to design practical solutions for preventing dropouts. Ultimately, this paper proposes increasing the flexibility of the school system and strengthening self-understanding activities in career education as measures to prevent dropout.; Summary

Revitalization and Awareness of Domestic and International Food Upcycling Industries^†: MinJoo Kim, JiHyun Choi; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):56-64. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.009

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Food upcycling refers to the process of reprocessing food by-products generated in the food production process into new products with higher added value. This study aims to achieve a sustainable food system by promoting consumer awareness of food upcycling and revitalizing the domestic food upcycling industry in alignment with UN-SDGs 17 and 2. We utilized the 5 Forces Model and SWOT Analysis to evaluate the domestic market and analyzed financial statements from CRETOP for food upcycling companies. Additionally, we conducted interviews with industry CEOs to understand trends and consumer perceptions. The market analysis indicates that while the industry faces initial profitability challenges, its growth potential is strong, driven by increasing sales and positive market conditions. The analysis highlights the need for consumer awareness and producer sustainability. Through consumer surveys and corporate interviews, we identified a rejection and prejudice towards "food upcycling" and "upcycling jam," as well as effective marketing strategies. South Korea's food upcycling industry shows promise despite its smaller scale compared to North America and Europe. Positive market conditions and consumer responses suggest significant growth potential through in-ternational benchmarking and private investments. Government support and corporate involvement are crucial for sustaining operations and achieving long-term economic, nutritional, and environmental benefits. The government can facilitate a long-term sustainable food system through policies that boost private investments and enhance funding to ensure product safety and reliability. Establishing food upcycling certification systems and legal proposals will be essential in this process.; Summary

Mitigating the Problem of Local Extinction through Pilot Operation of the Gyeongbuk Theme City: Focusing on a comparative analysis between Kawaba Village and the Bu-Ul-Gyeong megacity^†: Gaeun Seo, Yeeun Doh, Hyunbin Gwon; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):90-101. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.008

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As of 2023, over half of South Korea's 228 regions face population extinction, despite substantial local government efforts. This study examines why the "Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam (Bu-Ul-Gyeong) Megacity" initiative failed to address this issue. By analyzing the successful revitalization of Kawaba village in Japan, which attracted more than 2.5 million tourists, this study proposes an innovative solution tailored to South Korea—the "Gyeongbuk Four Seasons Theme Park." This project aims to revitalize the Gyeongbuk region's economy and reverse population decline, contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 11: "Sustainable Cities and Communities." This study uses a comparative case study methodology to analyze the Bu-Ul-Gyeong Megacity initiative and Kawaba Village. Data collection involved a review of policy documents and academic literature for the former and fieldwork, including interviews and observations, for the latter. The key participants included local government officials and employees in Kawaba Village. Insights from Kawaba were applied to design the "Gyeongbuk Four Seasons Theme Park," which integrates successful elements from Kawaba's model while addressing the shortcomings of the Bu-Ul-Gyeong initiative. The Bu-Ul-Gyeong initiative failed because of a lack of economic revitalization planning, insufficient community engagement, and poor cooperation between governments. Kawaba village succeeded in establishing partnerships, fostering local enterprises, and maintaining effective government communication. These factors are critical in overcoming challenges in regional development. This study proposes the "Gyeongbuk Four Seasons Theme Park," a rotating, seasonal attraction across four cities, emphasizing local specialties and resident participation. This project aims to increase population inflow and establish sustainable agricultural enterprises, contributing to the economic revitalization of the Gyeongbuk region.; Summary

IGEE Proceedings’ Commitment to Sustainable Development: Shinki An; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):4-5. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.007

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An Introduction to Yonsei University’s ‘Social Engagement Fund’ 2023: In Han Song; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):54-55. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.006

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South Korea’s existential public health emergency: Tackling the low birth rate, loneliness, and suicide crisis: Peter J. Na, Hae-Won Ryoo, Jim Yong Kim; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):50-53. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.005

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South Korea is facing a critical public health emergency characterized by a rapidly declining birth rate, increasing loneliness, and high suicide rates. The fertility rate dropped to 0.72 children per woman in 2023, significantly below the OECD average. This decline is attributed to economic burdens, gender inequality, and changing societal norms. If these trends continue, the youth population could halve by 2040 compared to 2023, severely impacting the nation’s economy and demographic structure. Simultaneously, loneliness has become a significant issue, with over a third of Koreans living alone and a rise in deaths from isolation, particularly among middle-aged and older men. South Korea also faces a severe mental health crisis, marked by high rates of depression and the highest suicide rate among OECD countries for the past 25 years. Troublingly, recent trends indicate an increase in suicides among younger age groups. Efforts to address these issues have included government initiatives for mental health support, but these remain underfunded and insufficient compared to international standards. Additionally, the stigma surrounding mental health persists. South Korea can learn from countries like Japan and the UK, which have implemented successful interventions focusing on social integration and mental health. Addressing these intertwined crises requires collective action and a robust policy response to ensure a sustainable future for South Korea.; Summary

Advancing SDG 16 through political participation on social media: A Comparative Study of Social Capital between South Korea and the United States: In Han Song, Kyeong Won Lee; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):32-49. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.004

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The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16) aims to promote peaceful, inclusive societies and build effective, accountable institutions. Despite the growing influence of online media on political activities in the digital age and the increasing importance of achieving SDG 16 through political participation, there has been a lack of empirical research on this topic. This cross-cultural comparative study investigates the relationships among online communication, social capital, and political participation in South Korea and the United States. Online surveys were conducted in both countries, focusing on people's interest and trust in online communication, types of online social capital (bonding and bridging), and engagement in conventional and unconventional forms of political participation. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of social media as a platform for citizens to voice their political opinions and partake in democratic processes. We discovered a significant correlation between heightened interest and trust in online communication and increased political participation in both countries. This correlation is instrumental in achieving SDG 16.7, which advocates for inclusive and participatory decision-making. This study also highlights the nuanced differences in the relationship between online social capital and political participation. In South Korea, bridging online social capital is associated with unconventional political activities, whereas in the United States, bonding online social capital is linked to these forms of engagement. However, in both countries, participation in presidential elections is associated with bridging online social capital, providing a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics at play. The potential of social media to expand opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process and hold their governments accountable contributes to achieving SDG 16.6, which aims to develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions. However, the study also serves as a reminder of the challenges posed by online polarization and misinformation. To fully realize the benefits of social media in promoting inclusive and sustainable social development, addressing these issues and fostering healthy online communities are essential.In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of promoting online communication and building robust online communities as key strategies for achieving SDG 16, engaging a wide range of stakeholders in the process of building a more equitable and sustainable future.; Summary

The Urgent Call for Academic Action: Rebooting SDGs to Reset Our Future: Shinki An; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):20-31. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.003

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This manuscript, presented at GEEF2024, emphasizes the critical role of academia in revitalizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address current global challenges. The SDGs, adopted in 2015, aim to eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development by 2030. However, progress has stalled due to financial constraints, governance issues, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical crises such as the Russian–Ukraine war. The COVID-19 pandemic has had multifaceted impacts, reversing poverty reduction trends and disrupting education and energy investments. It has also exacerbated social inequalities, leading to the conceptualization of COVID-19 as a syndemic, an ecodemic, and an econodemic. These terms highlight the pandemic's complex interplay with preexisting health issues, environmental degradation, and economic disparities. Geopolitical crises have further hindered SDG progress by disrupting food and energy supplies and diverting resources from sustainable development initiatives. Climate change, marked by unprecedented heatwaves and natural disasters, poses additional threats to achieving the SDGs. The need for carbon neutrality and effective international cooperation is more urgent than ever before. In this context, universities play a crucial role in advancing the SDGs through research, innovation, and community engagement. Engaged universities align their research agendas with the SDGs, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and developing solutions to global challenges. Yonsei University's Institute for Global Engagement and Empowerment (IGEE) exemplifies this approach with its Yonsei SDGs Initiative. By analyzing research outputs via natural language processing, the initiative aligns academic activities with SDGs, particularly in health and well-being. The GEEF2024 conference underscored the importance of innovative strategies and international cooperation in achieving the SDGs. Discussions highlighted the need to address mental health crises, low birth rates, and the care economy's undervaluation. The conference also emphasized the necessity of inclusive development strategies that reflect the perspectives and priorities of Africa and Asia. In conclusion, universities must integrate social engagement into their core missions to remain relevant and impactful. By prioritizing research, teaching, and services that contribute to sustainable development, academia can play a pivotal role in overcoming global challenges and achieving the SDGs.

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Student Involvement in SDG Projects: Seven Years of Yonsei University’s Social Engagement Fund (2018–2025)
Sarah Soyeon Oh, In Han Song, Shinki An
IGEE Proceedings.2025; 2(3): 178. CrossRef

Establishing the ESD and GCEd system in higher education: Analyzing the holistic approach of Yonsei University in South Korea: Jae Eun Shin, Eun Kyoung Rhee, Shinki An, Younah Kang, Keeheon Lee, In Han Song; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):6-19. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.002

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This study assesses the Global Citizenship Education (GCEd) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) initiatives at the Yonsei Institute of Global Engagement and Empowerment (IGEE). The objective is to identify strengths and areas for improvement in promoting ESD and GCEd principles and contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Design/Methodology/Approach: This research employs a comprehensive analysis framework to evaluate Yonsei IGEE's initiatives, including the "Understanding Sustainable Development with Ban Ki-moon" lectures, "Social Engagement Fund (SEF)" research program, "SDG Initiative," and "Global Engagement and Empowerment Forum (GEEF))." It considers objectives, environmental focus, pedagogical strategies, topic coverage, learning dimensions, and outcome measurement. Findings: Yonsei IGEE initiatives demonstrate strengths in terms of clear objectives, environmental focus, and pedagogical strategies. They complement each other, fostering synergy in promoting ESD and GCEd principles. The lecture series offers a holistic view of SDG issues, whereas SEF empowers students to address challenges practically. The SDG Initiative guides Yonsei's research community, and GEEF disseminates SDG knowledge and fosters collaboration. Originality: This study contributes originality in two aspects. First, it presents an innovative evaluation framework specifically designed to assess the diverse GCEd and ESD programs at Yonsei IGEE. This framework serves as a valuable tool for future evaluations of similar initiatives in higher education institutions. Second, the data and contents analyzed in this research, drawn from Yonsei IGEE's programs, are novel and provide unique insights into the efficacy of the GCEd and ESD efforts.

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Student Involvement in SDG Projects: Seven Years of Yonsei University’s Social Engagement Fund (2018–2025)
Sarah Soyeon Oh, In Han Song, Shinki An
IGEE Proceedings.2025; 2(3): 178. CrossRef

Analysis on Coral Bleaching (Soft/Hard Coral) and Coral Ecosystem Restoration Strategies—Linkage to Sustainable Industries and Economic Valuation^†: Nakyung Lim, Haemin Choi; IGEE Proc. 2024;1(1):102-118. Published online September 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.69841/igee.2024.001

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Among marine ecosystems, coral reefs play crucial roles in terms of ecological functions such as biodiversity protection and coastal protection and have significant economic value, estimated at approximately 2.7 trillion USD per year. However, the current state of coral reefs is alarming, with more than 93% of coral ecosystems being damaged primarily by human activity and climate change. In line with UN Sustainable Development Goals 13 and 14, this research aims to analyze coral bleaching in soft corals in Korea and coral reefs in Malaysia through field surveys and interviews to assess their current conditions. This study also explores strategies for the restoration of coral ecosystems, utilizing economic valuation methods such as the Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment (TESSA). Despite the limitations of applying a landscape-focused methodology to the marine environment and the lack of available data, this study emphasizes the importance of sustainable tourism and collaborative educational curricula involving governmental research institutes, universities, NGOs, and divers. These efforts are inspired by interactions with the Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI) at Sabah University and the Reef Check Center in Malaysia.; Summary

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